Spermatic venography was first introduced in the 1970s as a diagnostic In contemporary embolization, success and complications ofĮmbolization, and an evaluation of percutaneous embolization in the The procedure and review several approaches and materials used We will provide a brief overview of the history of The current article reviews the use of percutaneous varicoceleĮmbolization. Results in theoretically reduced complications related to testicular In addition, the transvenous method virtuallyĮliminates the potential for damage to the testicular artery, which The use of venographyĮnables the precise identification of the internal spermatic veins, inĪddition to any collateral venous vascular supply that may contribute Require more extensive anesthetic preparations. Interventional approaches do not require surgical incisions and thusĬan be performed under local anesthesia, whereas surgical approaches In contrast to traditional surgical therapies, percutaneous Percutaneous embolization is the least invasive of all treatmentĪpproaches. Scrotal pain, the primary objective is alleviation of pain. Upon improvement in serum testosterone levels, semen parameters,Īnd, ultimately, pregnancy rates following treatment. Varicocelectomy for the treatment of infertility is determined based The rate of varicocele recurrence is highly variable rangingįrom 0.6% to 45% depending upon treatment approach.1 Efficacy of Subsequent venous occlusion via a variety of occlusion and embolization Venography to identify the internal spermatic and collateral veins with Utilizes a minimally invasive operative technique to ligate the internal Surgical ligation of all visibly dilated spermatic veins and carefulĪvoidance of the testicular artery.5 Laparoscopic varicocelectomy Subinguinal operative approach involves an inguinal incision with With scrotal pain who have failed conservative measures.4īoth surgical and nonsurgical approaches to the treatment Varicocele canĪlso lead to scrotal pain, and correction of varicocele can benefit men May obviate the need for assisted reproduction, thereby sparingĪdditional interventions, cost, and psychological stress. Some men with primary or secondary infertility, treatment of varicocele Semen parameter s and, in some reports, serum testosterone.3 Thus, in Testicular function resulting in impaired semen parameters and possiblyĭecreased serum testosterone.2 Accordingly, treatment of varicocele hasīeen shown to arrest continued decline in testicular function, improve The majority of men with varicocele are asymptomatic, there is clearĮvidence that varicocele is associated with a progressive decline in Infertility, and up to 80% of men with secondary infertility.1 While Occurring in approximately 15% of all men, 35% of men with primary The pampiniform plexus of the spermatic cord.1 Varicocele is prevalent, Keywords: interventional radiology male infertility therapeutic embolization varicoceleĪ varicocele consists of abnormally dilated and tortuous veins within This review discusses the common indications, relative contraindications, technical details, and risks associated with percutaneousĪsian Journal of Andrology (2016) 18, 234–238 doi: 10.4103/1008-682X.169985 published online: 8 December 2015 However, the technique demands interventional radiologic expertiseĪnd has potential serious complications, including vascular perforation, coil migration, and thrombosis of pampiniform plexus.

Successfully accomplished in approximately 90% of attempts. Percutaneous embolization offers a rapid recovery and can be

Relies on the occlusion of the dilated veins that drain the testis. The ultimate goal of varicocele treatment Laparoscopy, or through percutaneous embolization of the internal spermatic vein. There are several options for the treatment of varicocele, including surgical repair either by open or microsurgical approach, Joshua Halpern1, Sameer Mittal1, Keith Pereira2, Shivank Bhatia2, Ranjith Ramasam圓 Indications, relative contraindications, and Percutaneous embolization of varicocele: technique, In addition, several stations in Honolulu also transmit their audio broadcasts on Oceanic Time Warner Digital Cable for the entire state of Hawaii through local agreements.Asian Journal of Andrology (2016) 18, 234–238 state of Hawaii which can be sorted by their call signs, frequencies, cities of license, licensees, and programming formats. The following is a list of FCC-licensed radio stations in the U.S.

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